 One piece flow is the concept behind the just-in-time system. An environment that operates in a One-piece flow fashion is when items or services are processed in one piece at a time. In other words, the items move directly from one process step to the next one piece at a time. One-piece flow drastically reduces lead times and improves quality by exposing abnormalities in processes.
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 The easiest way to define overprocessing is doing more to a product than what the customer, specification or transformative process requires the first time through. Overprocessing is sometimes referred to as inappropriate processing because it includes steps that are not needed, extra handling, duplication of activities and processes that are just not statistically capable of producing the desired results. Examples:
Solutions:
Question: What types of overprocessing do you see on a daily basis? **Place answers in comments tab below.**  Download your infographic by clicking on the picture.  Overproduction is one of the 8 major forms of waste. It occurs when parts, services or information are created in excess of the needed demand or when services, products or information are created/delivered in advance of the needed schedule. To learn more about Overproduction click on the link below and enroll in our 8 forms of waste course.
Topics for discussion: Overproduction is considered to be the deadliest waste of all forms of waste. Why in your opinion is this form of waste so "deadly?"  An open-ended question is an unstructured question in that suggests no possible answers. The respondent answers the open-ended question in his or her own words. Such questions usually begin with a:
Open-Ended Questions will almost always provide qualitative instead of quantitative information. Open ended questions are asked during exploratory research and where statistical validity is not a prime objective but, innovative and creative thinking is important. Reference: Business Dictionary, Open-Ended Question. Challenge: Open ended questions are a great way to spark creative thoughts, establish a basis for communication and get to know other people. In the comments section below type 3 examples of open ended questions. Feel free to respond to others questions and get to know everyone!
Order Cost is best defined by the APICS Dictionary, 15’th edition as; a direct labor cost incurred when a purchaser places an order. Ordering costs are different from the “Order Cost.” The ordering costs are all the costs associated with the purchase order and any labor involved in inspecting the goods when received, any labor associated with stocking the received items, invoicing suppliers and issuing payments. APICS defines ordering costs in the 15’th edition dictionary as; the costs that increase as the number of orders placed increases. Used in calculating order quantities. Includes costs related to clerical work of preparing, releasing, monitoring and receiving orders; the physical handling of goods; inspections; and setup costs, as applicable.
 Obeya or Oobeya refers to a form of project management and is a component of lean manufacturing. Even more specifically, the Toyota Production System. The obeya is a similar concept to a "bridge room" or a "war room."
During the product and process development, all individuals involved in managerial planning meet in Obeya to speed communication and decision-making. This is intended to reduce "departmental thinking" and improve other methods of communication which tend to introduce forms of waste into the process. Conceptually akin to traditional “war rooms,” an Obeya will contain: visually engaging charts, graphs, milestones, progress, countermeasures and any other forms of critical information for attendees to make decisions accurately and efficiently. Reference: Wikipedia - Obeya  Overall equipment effectiveness is a metric that helps measure and track the performance of finite resources and can help companies highlight opportunities for improvements. The results are stated in a generic form which allows comparison between manufacturing units in differing industries. It is not however an absolute measure and is best used to identify scope for process performance improvement, and how to get the improvement. If for example the cycle time is reduced, the OEE will increase i.e. more product is produced for less resource. Another example is if one enterprise serves a high volume, low variety market, and another enterprise serves a low volume, high variety market. More changeovers (set-ups) will lower the OEE in comparison, but if the product is sold at a premium, there could be more margin with a lower OEE.OEE measurement is also commonly used as a key performance indicator (KPI) in conjunction with lean manufacturing efforts to provide an indicator of success. OEE can be illustrated by a brief discussion of the six metrics that comprise the system. The hierarchy consists of two top-level measures and four underlying measures.
Reference - Wikipedia : Overall equipment effectiveness  The symbols shown above can be used to show the number of operators at a work center or in a process step on a value stream map.
 The output is the result of a process being applied to an input. It can be in the form of energy, work, goods, services or activities. The output is the result whether desired or undesired the output is simply the result of a process or function being applied to the input. Y=F(X) + ε, the Y is the output.
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