A Defect is any output from a service or a product that does not meet the customer required specifications, standards or requirements.  Defects can occur at any stage of a value stream or production process.  A defect is not the same as defective.  There may be more than one defect in a defective product or process.  A Defect is also one of the 8 forms of waste or muda. 

  Heijunka is a japanese term that can be translated as product smoothing or load leveling.  The heijunka technique is used to assist and in many ways facilitate Just in time production.  Heijunka is often used to smooth out production both internally and externally.  

  Many processes depend heavily on standardization.  Which is simply the process of establishing, sharing, conforming and improving standards. 

  Zero Quality Control is a method/approach for achieving zero defects in an organization.  Zero gives reference to the objective of ZQC which is to produce products/services with zero defects. 

  Reflection can be a great way to gather critical opportunities from a project.  The term Hansei refers to the reflection and recognition of one's own actions.  Hansei is often used to recognize one's own mistakes and commit to taking the appropriate actions in order to resolve and avoid recurrence of one's mistakes.  The Hansei can be performed in a team environment or in a personal reflective manner, either way it is important that teams and individuals stretch their mind enough to find something they can improve upon. 

  Transportation can be defined in one way as ​the movement of goods or stuff from one place to another.  It may also be defined as the various means by which such movement is accomplished.  Transportation is one of the 8 forms of waste and can only be considered as value adding when it is strategically established to meet the needs of customer demand.